This is something I wrote in September 2001 . I always wanted to put it on the Internet but I did it once before (in 2002, with a discussion behind it . But that is for later . I still think it is OK and want to see how you react to it ! ) . One reason for this is that I never came to compile the bibliography or literature-list belonging to it . Hope you all enjoy it !
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Some reflections on the importance and " intelligence " of the Human Race ( Homo sapiens sapiens . ) and a comparison with some " lower " animals , the social Hymenoptera ( ants , bees and wasps . ) !
Van der Stappen Marc
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Abstract : A comparison is made between the importance and " intelligence " of humans and social insects of the order Hymenoptera . The overall conclusion is that , what we call " lower " , animals are more intelligent than we are ! We can see this in their general behavior towards other animals and , negatively , in our own relations to the living world and our fellow man ! Also , the world needs social Hymenoptera but , despite the place we have on this earth , we are unimportant !
Keywords : Ants , Bees , Human race , Intelligence , Importance , Wasps .
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Introduction :
The Human Race considers itself as the ultimate creature on earth , bestowed with great intelligence and supreme master of the world . We have named us Homo sapiens sapiens , the Knowing , knowing man ! We think that we can do everything on this , and other , worlds and that everything else must obey us and do what we say . This includes also other humans as well ! But nothing is less true than this statement . The only thing we do is destroying our world and ourselves .
But first let's have a closer look at the big players of this game .
The Human Race :
Between 6 and 4 million years ago , the group of Big or Great Apes saw appearing a new species . This ape was the start of a new branch of the tree of life : the Hominids ( Humans ! ) . These animals learned to walk on two legs and to manipulate an array of materials . One of the more important things they did , was that they learned how to control fire . But evolution didn't stop there ! With every new species that appeared , they became more and more social , they started to burry their dead relatives , used rituals , improved their communication and , when Homo sapiens sapiens arrived , they learned to kill other hominid species .
Once modern man ruled the world alone , agriculture and sedentary life appeared . Alongside came domestication of animals . Then Culture arrived on the scene : religion , writing , counting , ....
This is a too simplified picture of our history but it places us where we belong : we are an ape among all other animals . Nothing more , nothing less ! The only thing that makes us different is culture . We learned how to write books , learned to count ( the start of economy . ) , learned how to manipulate our surroundings , .... But alongside the good things , we learned the bad things : how to kill others , how to destroy our environment , how to manipulate our fellow humans ! And for what ? All that matters these days are money , power and sex ! That are the key words in modern society . They are all three a goal on their own but are also connected : with power you can get money or sex , with money you can buy sex or power and with sex you can obtain power or money ! This is the spiral of our everyday way of life .
The social Hymenoptera :
This are the ants , some bees and some wasps . These groups evolved in cretaceous times ( between 130 and 100 millions years ago . ) . They are very important in our living world !
The ants or Formicidae comprise around 15000 species ( of witch 10213 are described at this moment ! ) . It is the largest group of social insects . They are very important because a lot of species prey on other insects ( witch can become a nuisance for agri- and horticulture . ) , and so they keep " pest-insects " under control . The ants also airiate the ground , play a role in bringing nutrients into the ground ( recycling or production of humus . ) , .... Beside predators , there are also Homoptera-tending ants , slave-holders , parasites , .... ( almost all possible different modes of social life you can find among the ants , except fanatic murderers for fun . ) .
Some ants are regarded by us as noxious ! First the tramp-species . These are ants brought around the world by human commerce .They have a few peculiarities ( multiple queens , unicoloniality , high productivity , great adaptability , .... ) that makes it problematic to eradicate them . The other important group are the fungus growing ants . These ants cut grasses , flowers and leaves to grow a fungus in there nest .We regard those ants as pests because , when we arrived in Middle- and South-America , their homeland , they started to cut up our cultivated vegetables and commercial trees we brought into these areas .
The two other groups of social Hymenoptera are important too . Bees ( solitary and social species ; Apidae . ) are the most important pollinators of cultivated plants , weeds and trees ( The wind occupies a poorer second place before other animals like birds and bats . ) . The social wasps ( Vespidae , subfamily Vespinae . ) are , alongside ants , great predators of other insects . Ants , bees , wasps and termites ( Order Isoptera , another group of social insects . ) together comprise 3/4 of the total amount of animal biomass in the world !
Somebody once said : " If you take all the ants , bees and wasps from the earth , it would be a desolate place with almost nothing to eat and full of harmful and noxious insects ! " . That will be probably true !
Comparison of Humans and social Hymenoptera :
1/ Homo sapiens sapiens is a social animal just like the ants , bees and wasps . Yes , true , but there are some differences . Human society consists of female and male individuals , hymenopteran societies only of females ( The males appear only on certain moments of the year to inseminate new queens . ) . All humans are , after a certain time , capable of reproduction . Colonies of ants , bees and wasps consist of one or a few reproductive queen(s) and from ten to twenty million workers ( sterile females ! ) . The last big difference is that our society is based on visual and vocal communication while " theirs " is predominantly based on scent ( chemical communication . ) and a little bit on visual and tactical information .
2/ We are the most important ! No ! A world without humans is still a viable world , one without ants , bees and wasps is a dying world ! More than two thirds of our crops and fruits wouldn't be pollinated and the rest would be eaten by all the insect plagues of the world . We would die of hunger !
What is intelligence ?
This is a very short answer : clever , reasonable thought . A person or animal is intelligent if he or it knows what he or it does and makes the right choices to improve his or its situation .
The intelligence of the Human Race and insects : The ordinary view :
We are intelligent people . We know what we do . We think , if possible , in advance about what we can do and choose the best solution for a particular problem . We do everything we can to improve our and our children's future .
Insects can't choose , they must follow what their nature says ( " they must follow their instinct ! " . ) .They can't decide what is good or better than the rest of their possibilities . They are automates !
Comparison of human and insect intelligence :
1/ We can choose , they not ! False ! Insect can make choices ! They choose between good and better food sources , between different scents , between different tastes . So , on that point they are no automates !
2/ We choose always the best possibility , they not ! False ! How many times did you think : " I made the wrong decision ! " . Sometimes the possibility that looks the most promising is the worst one . It happens to us , it happens with the insects . So , no difference between us and them !
3/ We know what we do , they don't ! False ! The insects know better what they do than we ! All what they do is trying to get as much offspring as possible , even social insects with their sterile worker-caste . All those workers are needed to defend the nest , gather as much food as possible and care for the young individuals . All this leads to a greater offspring than that of solitary insects . We on the other hand are sometimes running around like chickens without a head , doings something that doesn't give us any benefit or is even completely needless .
A few last remarks about human intelligence :
We think we can do whatever we want to do . But nothing is less true than this stupid thought ! All what we are doing is destroying a beautiful planet because the only things that matters to us ( sex , money , power . ) are more important to us than a healthy environment . We are killing and exterminating millions of other animal- and plant species , like whales ( more intelligent creatures than we are ! ) , dodo's , elephants , rhinoceros , gorilla's , .... , but also small , unnoticeable creatures like weevils , blue's , ants , bees , .... Most insect species we will never encounter because they are gone with the tropical rain forests before we have the pleasure to meet them and learn about their interesting ways of life !
An example : In 1996 the IUCN revised its list of endangered and exterminated ant species ! According to this list there are 151 ant species endangered for extinction on earth ! But on the list are only parasitic and beneficial species and a few important link species . But all the others that we saw only once aren't on it ! And those that disappear with the destruction of their habitat before we ever saw them ....
So , we aren't very concerned about our environment . But don't forget : We need the environment to live in ! In a world of only stones and concrete we can't live !
In nature , animals kill others when they need food or to protect themselves . Formica polyctena attacks other colonies of the same species in springtime . Not for fun ! They need at that moment an extra supply of protein rich food for their brood . The rest of the year there are only some territorial fights ! Honey-ants ( Genus Myrmecocystus . ) have ritualized fights without casualties !
We humans , we are different ! We love to kill for fun or money ! Think about the K.K.K. , hit-contracts , jealousy-killing , joy-killing , .... We can't stand the look of somebody , kill him or her . We get money for killing somebody , do it . Then I ask myself : Are we becoming crazy ? The answer : YES .
There are also people that like to hurt women or children . Why in heavens name ? They deserve our respect and care !!! They are our future , they are our " capital " ! We , man , need to protect them and care for them ! When you hurt them , you hurt our species ! To show you respect someone isn't so difficult , so do that !
Now a few last words about the fanatics of the world ! You saw underneath the title of this article that I call myself an ant- " fanatic " . There are two kinds of fanatics . The first type are those people who are fanatics because they want to know as much as possible about a certain subject . I'm in this category . I want to learn as much as possible about ants . They are very interesting creatures and I think we can learn a lot from them . So I read all I can find about ants .
But there is a second category of fanatics , lets call them " religious " -fanatics . Religious stands here for religion but also for indoctrination . These are the worst kind of people because they can't think for themselves anymore and do whatever they are told to do by there boss ( leader ! ) . What they are capable to do we saw on Tuesday 11 September 2001 , a black day in our history . But why do they do this ? Because someone took possession of their brain by indoctrination . So when you want to eradicate these fanatics , you need to find their leader ! But don't forget : somebody can look normal but years later , after a certain signal , they still can do what their leader once putted in their mind !
Conclusion :
Social Hymenoptera are very important on this planet ! Without them our world would be , for us , an uninhabitable place and life on earth would be very different . So they are needed to keep an ecological equilibrium . We , on the contrary , aren't indispensable on this planet ! The only thing we do is destroying nature . We must start to think , use our brains , and begin with the protection of our world and our own species ! If we do this , we may become also " intelligent " and share a place alongside those other intelligent species that dwell the earth !
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Writer : Marc Van der Stappen , Teleutotje .
Written : 12-13 September 2001 .